Abstract—The present work aims to determine the technical and economic implications of a Battery Energy Storage Sys-tem (BESS) to participate in different Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) markets, in accordance with the Nordic Power System requirement.
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Since the battery energy storage does not participate in the system frequency regulation directly, the task of frequency regulation of conventional thermal power units is aggravated, which weakens the ability of system frequency regulation.
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Current solar storage quotations hover around CHF 1,200-1,800 per kWh installed. But by 2026, three factors will reshape pricing: "Swiss storage demand grew 214% since 2024, yet average prices only dropped 9% - that's not a free market, that's a supply chain chokehold. ".
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Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) store energy as kinetic energy in a rotating mass. Their very fast response and long cycle life make them attractive for frequency regulation and power-quality services.
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