In 2025, the typical cost of commercial lithium battery energy storage systems, including the battery, battery management system (BMS), inverter (PCS), and installation, ranges from $280 to $580 per kWh. Larger systems (100 kWh or more) can cost between $180 to $300 per kWh.
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While integrated base stations currently hold the largest market share, distributed base stations are experiencing accelerated growth, primarily due to the increasing adoption of small cell deployments for enhanced network capacity and coverage in urban environments.
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Therefore, the model and algorithm proposed in this work provide valuable application guidance for large-scale base station configuration optimization of battery resources to cope with interruptions in practical scenarios. Introduction.
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We mainly consider the demand transfer and sleep mechanism of the base station and establish a two-stage stochastic programming model to minimize battery configuration costs and operational costs.
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